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TRAP #073 ·VOL I The Individual · Decision-Making & Choice

Phantom Effect

Discovered by Anthony Pratkanis, 1992

Adding an unavailable option to a choice set changes which available option people prefer.
Category: BiasEvidence: ReplicatedTier 2Type: Mechanismⓘ what these mean

This is a Lexicon entry: the mechanism, when it shows up, and the countermeasure. The full correction, with real-world cases and the audit prompt, hasn't been written yet.

When it shows up

Marketing (the "sold out" premium option makes the next-best option look more attractive). Real estate (showing a house that's just gone under contract shifts preference toward a similar available listing). Menu design (a temporarily unavailable dish redirects attention to adjacent items).

Failure mode

Preferences shift based on irrelevant alternatives. Choices become context-dependent in ways the chooser doesn't recognise. Marketers and negotiators exploit this by introducing phantom options that were never intended to be selected.

Countermeasure

Evaluate each option on its own merits, independent of unavailable alternatives. Ask: "Would I still prefer this option if the unavailable one had never been mentioned?" Apply CL-1 (Pause Protocol).

Related traps

Also connected in the map3 more, locked

Also revealed

Want the full correction for Phantom Effect?

This entry has the mechanism and countermeasure. The full write-up - real cases, sources, the audit prompt - comes later.

Entry #73 of 631 in The Lexicon · see the full Lexicon